Cervical cancer

The lower part of the womb or uterus is called cervix. Cancer affecting this part is called cervical cancer. As per GLOBOCAN 2018 statistics, cervical cancer is the second most common cancer among Indian women. Almost one lakh new cases of cervical cancer are detected in India every year.

Cervical cancer is caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV). This virus is transmitted through sexual contact. Most men and women who have had sex have been exposed to HPV. Risk of HPV exposure and thereby risk of cervical cancer increases with having multiple sexual partners, early age at first sexual contact, husband having multiple sexual partners, women with history of sexually transmitted diseases and even smoking. Women with low immunity such as those on immunosuppressive therapy including steroids, women with HIV infection or those post-transplant are also at an increased risk for cervical cancer.

Fortunately, it is the easiest gynecologic cancer to prevent through screening and early vaccination. Screening is done using a test called PAP smear. In this test, cells are collected from the cervix and examined under the microscope for presence of any abnormalities. Abnormal cells can be treated before cervical cancer develops. PAP smear is recommended for all sexually active women over the age of 30 years every three years till the age of 65 years depending on the results. Additionally, one can reduce the risk by adopting safe sex practices such as the use of condoms and timely treatment of infections affecting the reproductive tract. Vaccines targeting HPV are also currently available. However, these are not effective against all HPV types causing cancer and vaccination is not a replacement for screening. Females who have not been exposed to the HPV infection are likely to benefit more from the vaccine. Vaccination is given to girls between the age of 9-14 years.

Symptoms of cervical cancer include abnormal vaginal spotting/bleeding or discharge. Bleeding from vagina in women who have achieved menopause needs urgent evaluation to rule out cervical or endometrial cancer. Lower abdominal pain or pain and bleeding after sexual intercourse can be one of the symptoms of cervical cancer. In presence of these symptoms, one must consult a doctor and get further evaluated to rule out cervical cancer.

It is important to be aware of one’s risk of cancer and get screened for early detection. Early detection can lead to cure of this disease. Protect yourself from cancer and stay healthy.